The University of Regina women’s basketball program has been one of the best and most enduring basketball programs in the country. This spring, the team came within an eyelash of winning another national championship. Regina sportswriter Julie Waldu explores the roots of the program’s success.

The University of Regina Cougars Women’s Basketball team was taking on their rivals, the University of Saskatchewan Huskies, at home in the USPORT Final 8 semifinals after beating them the week prior in the Canada West final. They were surrounded by 2,411 fans, who had packed the stands, the overflow watching from the upstairs track. A player couldn’t ask for a better atmosphere: the crowd hanging on to every pass and shot, roaring for every Cougars basket and steal.

With two minutes to go, the game was tied at 68. The Huskies hit back-to-back three-pointers to take a 74-68 lead. Although they fought, urged on by their fans, the Cougars could come no closer than 74-71.

When the final buzzer sounded and the Huskies rushed the court in victory, the air was thick with disappointment, from the tears of the players as they made their way to the dressing room, to the fans who slowly filed out of the packed stands.

“You know, you work all year for that moment, and then it’s gone in the blink of an eye,” says Charlotte Kot, captain and fifth-year player in 2017-18.

“You know, you work all year for that moment, and then it’s gone in the blink of an eye,” says Charlotte Kot, captain and fifth-year player in 2017-18. “I gave myself that night to be upset about it. You’re kind of grieving the loss of the goal you have all year. When I woke up, though, it was still game day. I knew I would regret it in the future if I didn’t enjoy that last game.”

The Cougars had a competitive fire within them that wouldn’t allow them to sit back in the bronze medal game, and they beat the McGill Martlets in a hard-fought match 66-63.

“It’s a strange sensation, because we were 36-5, won our conference and finished third in the country and honestly, the season was a bit of a disappointment,” says head coach Dave Taylor, signifying just how high of a standard this team sets for itself. “It’s a really good statement about where we are as a program and a team.”

Graduating Cougars player, Charlotte Kot.
Graduating Cougars player, Charlotte Kot. (Photo by University of Regina Photography Department.)

There’s a magic about this program — something that is difficult for alumni or coaches to put into words — but a wide variety of factors have come together to create a product that draws people to it, including recruits, top-level coaches and fans.

The Cougars celebrate another medal in a national championship
The Cougars celebrate another medal in a national championship, winning bronze at the 2018 USPORT tournament in Regina. (Photo by Arthur Ward)

Over the past 20 years, the Cougars have finished only one season without a winning record. This is a team that, since 1968, has played in the national university championship 19 times, advancing to the final championship game on six occasions. It is one of the best programs in Canada.

The success of the program can be attributed to a number of factors. Alumni and coaches have a slightly different view on what has advanced the program to the position sustained success it has seen. Perhaps it is the high calibre of local players developed through the Regina club and school programs. It could be the emphasis placed on recruiting. Or maybe it’s simply the mindset of maintaining a high standard of excellence. Together, the elements have created a product that draws the support of the community and makes this one of the most respected programs in Canada.

Over the past 20 years, the Cougars have finished only one season without a winning record.

The Centre for Kinesiology, Health and Sport (CKHS) gym that was packed to the rafters in the 2018 championship semifinal game is a far cry from the early days of the program, and shows the level of growth over the years.

Sue (McKenzie) Burns BEd'81, MEd'02, who played for the team from 1977 to 1981 says, “The fans would strictly be our parents, and if you had a boyfriend, there’d be a boyfriend there too.”

When women first started playing basketball at the University from the 1940s through the 1960s, it was recreational, emphasizing participation and exercise, says Jim Pitsula, a retired history professor from the University of Regina who also became one of the Cougars’ most avid fans.

Sue (McKenzie) Burns
Sue (McKenzie) Burns. (Photo by Trevor Hopkin)

The first year the team donned uniforms as the Cougettes was in 1968-69, playing for the University of Saskatchewan – Regina Campus under head coach Sheila Ward. Their green uniforms were made off-site, and the armholes were so small, the women couldn’t raise their arms, says Irene Wallace, one of the original Cougette alumnus. “In the locker room after practice we ended up taking scissors and making larger arm holes so we could actually wear them.”

Original Cougettes (left to right) Linda (Vail) Dodd BEd'74, Irene Wallace BEd'71, Ruby (Werhun) Patrick BEd'72 and and Laurie (Woods) Burgess BEd'70.

(Photo by Trevor Hopkin)

The developing history of Cougar women’s basketball has continued to reflect the University, as it has grown from a completely local program to one that is recognized internationally.

Each head coach has continued to move the program forward. When Sue Higgs, a Department of Physical Education faculty member, began coaching the team in 1971, she began to revolutionize the team and women’s sport.

“I think she was a little bit ahead of her time in terms of, let’s take these young women and really maximize their physical potential, in addition to teaching us so many things we didn’t know about the game,” says Burns, who noted that they were always in the lab doing fitness testing as well as training off the court.

After Higgs’ nine-year tenure, there were two losing seasons before Sheila (Brennan) Beckie was hired. A Regina product, she had played for the University of Saskatchewan, and brought with her enthusiasm for the program, as well as a real focus on recruiting local players.

“We were losing really good athletes out of the city,” says Dick White CA'89, BEd'74, who worked for the University for 34 years, including 20 as athletic director. “One of her focuses was to keep the best Regina athletes here at the start.”

Sue Higgins
Sue Higgs began coaching the team in 1971 and began to revolutionize the team and women’s sport. (Photo courtesy of University of Regina Archives and Special Collections.)

During her first season, there was such a lack of returning players and few players previously recruited that Beckie would have to join the players in practice to have enough bodies. Then, she successfully recruited Jackie Moore BPAS'91 of Thom Collegiate. The Cougars continued to improve, winning the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) final and going to the national championship in the 1988-89 season.

“That was kind of a turning point, I think, for the program, where it wasn't just an afterthought, but starting to be a premier program in the country."

“These young ladies really put in a lot of time on their own outside of practice time, working on their game, playing in the summers, getting into the weight room, taking their nutrition and fitness seriously,” says Beckie. “That was kind of a turning point, I think, for the program, where it wasn't just an afterthought, but starting to be a premier program in the country."

After Beckie left, Debbie (Patterson) Nash coached for four seasons, but the strong group of players had graduated, weakening the program by the time Christine Stapleton was hired in 1993.

Stapleton had won a championship as a player with Laurentian University over the Cougars in 1991, and knew the type of basketball played at the University of Regina.

“The athletes were well prepared, extremely well coached, tough, fit, intelligent and sportsmanlike,” she says. “They never stopped competing.”

Stapleton continued Beckie’s focus on recruitment, and began creating a community profile.

“I admire, especially, Sheila and Christine,” says White. “They were able to recruit on the promise of, ‘If you come, we will get better.’ ”

When Stapleton first arrived, she met with the coaches of the high school basketball teams. One of those coaches was Dave Taylor, who became her assistant coach and has been with the program ever since.

Cougars coaches (left to right) Diane Hilko, Christine Stapleton and Dave Taylor after winning the national championship and the Bronze Baby in 2001.

(Photo by by University of Regina Photography Department)

It was a struggle at first, but Stapleton recruited hard and was determined. She had played for and learned from legendary coach Peter Ennis, and brought passion, energy and confidence.

“The plan was to work hard,” she says. “Build the grassroots, immerse myself in the community, and make sure that the best local talent stayed.” To new players, she would say, “‘So, you’ve come here. You’re going to graduate. And you’re going to be a way better basketball player. And if we win a few games as part of this agreement, then we both win.’ And that’s what we did.”

For many years the team played in GPAC, which consisted of the University of Regina, University of Manitoba, University of Winnipeg and Brandon University. It was a tough division, but it meant the Cougars played the best teams each weekend.

“I remember a moment where, literally, Sandra Carroll, who was playing for Winnipeg, was outscoring us late in the game,” says Taylor. “She’d average like 49 points a game against us. And that drove Christine and myself to where we’re going, we’ve got to get better. Then Trena Mott BAdmin'99 came, and I call her the Pied Piper, because then Amy Mickleborough BEd'98 came, and Andrea Gottselig MEd'10, and that brought Becky Poley BA'02, Crystal Heisler BAdmin'03, BEd'09, and the group that went to our national title.”

The road to that title actually began the previous year, when the Cougars lost what Stapleton calls a “gut-wrenching” CIS Championship semifinal game against the University of Calgary. “I’ll never forget going back to the hotel and going, ‘That’s never happening again,’ ” she says.

The road to that title actually began the previous year, when the Cougars lost what Stapleton calls a “gut-wrenching” CIS Championship semifinal game against the University of Calgary. “I’ll never forget going back to the hotel and going, ‘That’s never happening again,’ ” she says.

The next year, they once again found themselves playing Calgary in the semifinal game. Despite all of the changes they had made, and the whole shift in focus over the previous year, the coaches could hardly believe that at halftime, they found themselves down once again. They went into the locker room, walked the team through the game, tinkered with some defence, and the Cougars came back out and won the second half.

The final game was between the Cougars and the home team, the University of Alberta Pandas. The Cougars all wrote “MH” on the bottom of their white shoes, standing for “Make History.” They did just that. Seven of the Cougars finished the game in double figures, and when the final buzzer sounded, they won 94-85.

The 2000-01 CIS championship women’s CIS team.
The 2000-01 CIS championship women’s CIS team. (Photo by University of Regina Photography Department)

As the Cougars became more successful, their fan base also grew. In 1999, the Cougars were playing the University of Manitoba in the best-of-three GPAC final. After the warmup, Stapleton and Taylor were walking toward the team room, about 40 feet down the hallway from the gym, and could hardly get through because the lineup to the gym was out the door. “Dave and I looked at each other, with big smiles on our faces, and were like, ‘Can you believe this?’ ” says Stapleton.

Jeff Speedy, who was hired as the head coach in 2002 after Stapleton, says the city’s passion for the program makes Regina one of the top places in the country to coach. “It’s a special place to play, it’s a special place to coach, and it’s a very special program,” he says.

 “People hated coming there, because the sideline was packed with people, the end lines were packed with people, and the stands were right on top of you.”

Phoebe De Ciman BA'03, BAHons'05 joined the team in 1998, playing for four seasons under Stapleton and one with Speedy. Like many of the alumni, she has stayed in Regina and become a leader in the community. “I was so lucky to have been part of the program when that turnaround happened, where I could really see people were excited,” she says. “The support from the community was absolutely fabulous. We were packed before the guys came in. It’s very unique.”

The last game played in the old gym was the Canada West Championship in 2004, when the Cougars beat the University of British Columbia, in front of over 800 fans packed into the small space.

“People hated coming there, because the sideline was packed with people, the end lines were packed with people, and the stands were right on top of you,” says Cymone (Bouchard) Bernauer BKin'04, BEd'09. “It was really kind of bone-chilling. You make a good play and the place erupts and the hair on your arm stands up. It was very intense and just, really, the passion for the game was electric.”

Cymone (Bouchard) Bernauer
Former Cougars player Cymone (Bouchard) Bernauer. (Photo by University of Regina Photography Department)

The next year, the team was creating new memories in a state-of-the-art facility after the Centre for Kinesiology Health and Sport opened. They needed to win the third game in the series to advance to the final four. The Cougars had graduated three players the previous year, one being Bernauer, who had been named the CIS Player of the Year. “We were trailing late in the game,” says Speedy. “We were down six points with only five minutes left in the game, and I can still remember Jana (Schweitzer) Linner BAdmin'05, and Leah Anderson taking the game over. Basically, they were just saying, ‘There’s no way our careers are done today.’ We won that game to even the series, and won the next day to go back to the final four.”

The move to the new 2,400-seat gym meant a beautiful new team room, additional training facilities and, later, a jumbotron.

“It changed the atmosphere a little bit,” says Maja Kralcacova BKin'09, who played for the Cougars from 2003 to 2009. “But it also gave the opportunity for a lot more people to watch us play.”

Maja Kralcacova.

(Photo by Trevor Hopkin)

Kralcacova was one of the first international players to come to Regina. Originally from Prague in the Czech Republic, Kralcacova played her senior year of high school in Macklin, Saskatchewan, before Speedy recruited her to the Cougars.

“The team is now kind of reflecting where the U of R’s going,” says De Ciman. “Internationalization is growing, and you can almost say it’s mirroring the University.”

While the Regina community supports its local players, it also welcomes international players, making them feel like family.

“It was just incredible how people embraced me. … It was really nice, and that continued throughout all of my years,” says Kralcacova, who stayed in Regina following her basketball career and recently became a Canadian citizen.

The warm welcome is because of avid fans like Gord Staseson, who Kralcacova now calls her “grandpa” for all he has done for her over the years.

“He took me under his wing, and started to help me fundraise money for Adopt-a-Cougar,” says Kralcacova, who remains close friends with Staseson. “He actually raised money to bring my mom here for the (2009) CIS Championship, which was really touching, and I will never forget it.”

Maja Kralcacova
Gord Staseson (Grandpa to former player Maja Kralcacova) hoods her at her 2009 convocation ceremony. (Photo courtesy of Maja Kralcacova)

Much of the recruiting to the Cougars, however, still remains within the city. Regina minor level and high school basketball teams continue to develop strong athletes who grow up wanting to play for the Cougars. Alumni give their time generously, coaching at various levels as they become role models in the community.

“I think we have always had the perfect storm,” says Taylor. “We’ve been successful. Our players are great ambassadors out in the community. So there’s that connection. … Local will always be the foundation of our program. The minute that changes, we’re in trouble.”

Thirteen years after joining the Cougar women’s basketball team as an assistant coach, Taylor was made head coach in 2006.

“It’s a village that builds this program,” says Stapleton, noting the athletic directors, deans of Kinesiology and Health Studies, and University presidents who have supported the teams and shown up to games. “And it’s a guy like Dave, who has arguably the longest tenure of anybody associated with the women’s basketball program.”

Taylor is quick to acknowledge the coaches that came before him as the team’s builders, while he says he is committed to maintaining that excellence as guardian of the program.

For most of the past 25 years, the University of Regina women’s basketball program has been in the capable hands of Dave Taylor or Christine Stapleton.

(Photo by Rae Graham)

“There have been all these moments and times where I thought there were tipping points that could have gone either way. Oftentimes, it has been having the right player with the right mindset,” says Taylor, in looking back on the team’s success over the years. “The players have had that competitive drive and ownership, and just pursuit of excellence where anything less is just not acceptable.”

In 2013-14 and 2014-15, the Cougars had back-to-back seasons where injuries became a huge issue, leading to two seasons where the team didn’t go to nationals. The summer of 2015, Charlotte Kot became the team’s heartbeat, and her drive to succeed permeated the entire team. “Everybody had that attitude of, ‘Okay, enough. We can’t be 500. This is not acceptable,’ ” says Taylor. “And now, we’re back on a three-year run of being in the Canada West finals.”

While players like Kot will certainly never forget playing in a national championship, she says her most important memories of the weekend were not on the court. Instead, she will remember the alumni who returned for the weekend, including those such as Andrea (Gottselig) Ward and Amy (Mickleborough) Moroz, who co-chaired the 2018 championship committee.

“The thing I will remember the most about that nationals was all of the alumni,” says Kot, who was awed by the packed gym watching the alumni game and the lunch with over 65 alumni present. “The people change, but they are always your family. … Once a Cougar, always a Cougar.”

Crystal (Heisler) McGregor played with the Cougars from 1996-2002. Her death from cancer in 2014 brought players closer together than they had ever been.

Never was this more apparent than when Crystal (Heisler) McGregor was diagnosed with cancer in 2012. McGregor played for the Cougars from 1996 to 2002. The Cougar alumni — including both her teammates and those from teams before and after — came together to fundraise and help McGregor in her battle against cancer. When she died in 2014, they began the Crystal McGregor Memorial Scholarship in her memory.

“It drew us closer together than we’ve ever been, and that’s the beauty of being part of a team,” says Bernauer. “No matter what happens to somebody in that extended family, we all pull together, and we all show up for support.”

“As tragic as it was to lose Crystal, you try to answer the question ‘why?’ We tried to take the love and the positive out of it,” says Ward. “Crystal reconnected all alumni in a deeper and more meaningful level of team than ever before.”

“It’s a village that builds this program,” says Stapleton.

It also demonstrated that no matter how busy life gets, the team is there past basketball. “The people are what matter,” says De Ciman. “If someone needs lifting up, we’ll be there. And if someone’s joyful and celebrating, we’ll be the first ones on the dance floor at the wedding.”

While the results are important, that is only a piece of what has made this program successful.

“University athletics is part of a process of education of character development, intellectual development, social development,” says Pitsula. “It is, by its very nature, part of that developmental shaping of personalities, shaping of character, preparing people for life.”

That is certainly exemplified by the Cougars and the people they have become. This is a program that has not only captured the heart of the community, but also has become a reflection of it. Because, at the end of it all, while basketball has brought the Cougars community together, it is the people and relationships that forever uphold the Cougars spirit.

Over the years

1967-68
University of Regina Cougettes, a junior team, begin playing against other university’s junior teams.

1968-69
Sheila Ward becomes head coach; Cougettes begin playing in the Western Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Association.

1971-72
Sue Higgs becomes head coach.

1972-73
WCIAA splits into two divisions; Cougettes begin playing in the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC).

1974
As the University of Saskatchewan — Regina Campus becomes the University of Regina, the basketball team takes a hiatus from GPAC until the 1976-77 season.

1976-77
The Cougettes appear at the GPAC final for the first time.

1978-79
The Cougettes appear at the national (CIAU) championship for the first time as the host team.

1980-81
Bernie Riffel coaches.

1981-82
Linda Dodd coaches.

1982-83
Sheila Beckie is hired as head coach on a 10-month term.

1983-84
Beckie’s contract becomes permanent; the Cougettes become the Lady Cougars.

1988-89
The Lady Cougars win the GPAC final for the first time.

1989-90
Debbie Patterson is hired as coach.

1990-91
The Lady Cougars win the GPAC final; they appear in the CIAU final for the first time.

Early 90s
The Lady Cougars become the Cougars.

1993-94
Christine Stapleton is hired as head coach.

1995-96
Andrea Gottselig is named CIAU Rookie of the Year.

1996-97
Christine Stapleton is named CIAU Coach of the Year.

1998-99
Corrin Wersta is named CIAU Player of the Year; the Cougars win the GPAC final.

1990-00
The Cougars win the GPAC final and the bronze medal at CIAU Championship.

2000-01
The Cougars win the GPAC final and the CIS Championship.

2001-02
The Cougars move to the Canada West (CW) division.

2002-03
Jeff Speedy is hired as coach

2003-04
Cymone Bouchard is named CIS Player of the Year; the Cougars place first in the Final Four and second at the CIS Championship.

2004-05
The Centre for Kinesiology, Health and Sport opens.

2006-07
Dave Taylor is hired as head coach.

2007-08
The Cougars place second at the CIS Championship.

2008-09
Regina hosts the CIS Championship and the Cougars place second.

2011-12
Dave Taylor is named CIS Coach of the Year.

2012-13
The Cougars win the CW Final Four; Regina hosts CIS nationals and finishes second.

2016-17
Kyanna Giles is named U Sports Rookie of the Year.

2017-18
The Cougars win the CW Final Four; Regina hosts U Sports Nationals and finishes third.

About the Author

Julie Waldu, BAJ’07, is a sportswriter based in Regina.

Photos by Rae Graham and Trevor Hopkin and courtesy of University of Regina Archives and Special Collections.

WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 1112 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2018-05-09 10:46:49 [post_date_gmt] => 2018-05-09 16:46:49 [post_content] => Brad Hornung says he was humbled and honoured when University of Regina president Vianne Timmons, and Stephen King, a senior researcher in the president’s office and a former classmate of his, visited him at the Wascana Rehabilitation Centre to tell him he was to receive an honorary degree from his alma mater. Although he has received many awards over the years, Hornung says he is always surprised to be recognized. “There are a lot of people with spinal cord injuries who have accomplished more than I have; they inspire me,” he says. “We might not know their names but they are achieving things every day.” Born and raised in Regina, and playing for his hometown Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League, Hornung was 18 when his dream of pursuing a professional hockey career came to an abrupt end. During a game in March 1987, Hornung suffered a severe spinal cord injury that left him a quadriplegic. He harboured no anger toward the player whose badly-timed body check ended his playing career, but faced his adversity in stride, graduating from Archbishop M. C. O’Neill High School and then continuing his education at the University of Regina. (King shared classroom notes with him.) “Mom and dad instilled in me the importance of education,” Hornung explains, “and I was fortunate to be able to take two or three courses per semester at the University of Regina.” Hornung received his Bachelor’s degree in History from Campion College at the University in 1996. He then took several classes through the Faculty of Business Administration.
Each year, the Western Hockey League awards the Brad Hornung Trophy to the player who best exemplifies talent, desire and sportsmanship – traits that Hornung always displayed.
He has remained connected to the game he loves, working for several years as a scout for the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League. He currently works for the NHL’s Central Scouting Bureau and, in this capacity, attends every Regina Pats home game, helping the NHL identify up-and-coming players. It is difficult to assess a player on their statistics alone, Hornung says, so he looks for both their quantitative and qualitative characteristics to include in his scouting reports. Hockey demands rapid-fire decision-making, he adds, so he looks for what he calls “hockey sense” and “intuition on the ice,” along with the personal mannerisms that exhibit a player’s leadership traits in game situations. Illustrating that the hockey world is a small one, with innumerable interconnections, Hornung played hockey in the WHL against another University of Regina honorary degree recipient, Sheldon Kennedy. They were also teammates and roommates on Team West in an international under-17 tournament that featured teams representing five regions of Canada and national teams from other countries. The Regina Pats have honoured Brad Hornung by retiring his number 8 jersey: it hangs in the Brandt Centre above where he stations himself to watch and analyze the games for his scouting reports. Each year, the Western Hockey League awards the Brad Hornung Trophy to the player who best exemplifies talent, desire and sportsmanship – traits that Hornung always displayed. Team mates Hornung (front row, wearing "C") and fellow honorary degree recipient Sheldon Kennedy (immediately behind Hornung) in the mid-80s. Photo courtesy of Brad Hornung. Team mates Hornung (front row, wearing "C") and fellow honorary degree recipient Sheldon Kennedy (immediately behind Hornung) in the mid-80s. Photo courtesy of Brad Hornung. Hornung will receive his honorary degree on June 8. [post_title] => Brad Hornung BA'96 [post_excerpt] => Brad Hornung says he was humbled and honoured when University of Regina president Vianne Timmons, and Stephen King, a senior researcher in the president’s office and a former classmate of his, visited him at the Wascana Rehabilitation Centre to tell him he was to receive an honorary degree from his alma mater. [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => open [ping_status] => open [post_password] => [post_name] => brad-hornung-ba96 [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2018-06-01 14:49:31 [post_modified_gmt] => 2018-06-01 20:49:31 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://www.degreesmagazine.ca/?p=1112 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => post [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 1215 [post_author] => 1 [post_date] => 2018-05-09 14:50:40 [post_date_gmt] => 2018-05-09 20:50:40 [post_content] =>

“You literally can feel it pushing you down. You would swear someone has their hand on your head and they’re just lowering you to the ground.”

That’s how Jennifer Johnson, a Regina mother of two teenagers, describes the lows that have hit her frequently since she entered perimenopause, also known as the menopause transition, the period of a woman’s life when she is approaching menopause and starts to experience symptoms of declining estrogen levels. Johnson has been feeling the impact of perimenopause for several years. First came the night sweats, soon joined by hot flashes, insomnia, irregular periods and the relentless lows.

University of Regina researcher Jennifer Gordon University of Regina assistant professor of psychology, Jennifer Gordon. (Photo by Trevor Hopkin)

Those lows first appeared when she was dealing with other problems, including conflicts with her son’s father and a cancer diagnosis. All the burdens sent her to her doctor to ask for help, which is something she says she rarely does because she is “fiercely independent.” Now, she is better able to handle the lows herself.

“I think when you have been going through it as long as I have, the sadness or depressions don’t last as long anymore,” she says. “You also know you are going to come out the other side, so that makes it easier. I just don’t let it affect me the same way.”

Now, Johnson has joined other sufferers and researchers to try to change the plight of women plagued with perimenopausal depression. She is a patient-investigator in a University of Regina research study led by Jennifer Gordon, an assistant professor of psychology.

The menopause transition brings mood changes for many women, and an increased risk of clinically significant depressive symptoms for a significant number. In fact, the menopause transition is associated with a two-to four-fold increase in the risk of depression. Fluctuating hormone levels may be the cause, although scientific research has not confirmed the link.

Jennifer Johnson, patient-investigator in a University of Regina study led by researcher Jennifer Gordon.

(Photo by Trevor Hopkin)

Gordon has chosen to build her research program around women’s reproductive health and much of her current work is focused on depression in perimenopause. She was working towards a PhD in clinical psychology at McGill University in Montréal, focusing on depression and cardiovascular disease, when she took a class from Barbara Sherwin, a renowned expert in human psychoendocrinology (the study of the relationship between the endocrine system and mental health). Gordon chose to do a presentation on depression and estrogen. She was fascinated and knew immediately that this was where she wanted to focus her research.

About the same time, she met Susan Girdler, an American researcher whose work is focused on the effect of reproductive hormones on mood, specifically during phases of reproductive change, including post-partum depression, perimenopausal depression, and depression tied to the menstrual cycle.

“We really hit it off,” Gordon says. The meeting convinced her to apply to the Québec Health Research Foundation for a post-doctoral fellowship to study with Girdler and colleague David Rubinow at the Women’s Mood Disorders training program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

“It was a very intense three years,” she says. “It’s a very demanding program but it’s very good training. You learn how to write competitive grants and publish high-quality papers and learn all about women’s reproductive mood disorders, very much focused on the biology and physiology, which was good because my background had been in clinical psychology.”

Jennifer Gordon Jennifer Gordon is a leading researcher in perimenopausal depression. (Photo by Trevor Hopkin)

At Chapel Hill, Gordon worked on the Perimenopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy (PERT) study, a $4 million trial that looked at the use of estrogen replacement therapy for the prevention of depression in the menopause transition.

“It’s the first trial to look at estrogen for the purpose of preventing the onset of depressive symptoms in the menopause transition,” Gordon says. “There have been a few small trials finding it can reduce depressive symptoms in already depressed women in the menopause transition … so this was looking at recruiting initially emotionally healthy women, putting them on estrogen and seeing if they show any mood benefits from that.”

Results of the study, recently published in the JAMA Psychiatry medical journal with Gordon named as lead author, were impressive. Seventeen per cent of the women receiving transdermal estrogen through estrogen patches developed clinically significant depression, while 32 per cent of those receiving placebo developed depression. Two groups of women benefited more than others – those who had experienced stressful life events in the preceding six months and those who were in the early years of the menopause transition.

“The effects of estrogen were pretty striking in preventing the onset of depressive symptoms, especially in the early menopause transition. Of those who were on placebo, nearly 50 per cent of them had clinically depressive symptoms at some point in the study, whereas in the estrogen group the percentage was only three per cent,” Gordon says.

Gordon’s long-term goal is to establish a women’s mental health research unit at the University of Regina to facilitate patient-oriented research in women’s reproductive mental health.

Critics say that giving estrogen to prevent depression is out of line with current recommendations. Gordon doesn’t dispute this statement, but she says those recommendations were based on research that showed giving estrogen to older women who are late into menopause could be dangerous. More recent research proposes that estrogen is much safer in younger women who are in the menopause transition or early postmenopausal period. It is generally agreed that more study is needed.

When Gordon began searching for a place to build her career, she found the combination of smaller community and robust, friendly psychology department at the University of Regina. Plus, the psychology department welcomed her focus on reproductive mood disorders.

“And I could see that there were very successful people in the department,” she says. “I wanted a department that had mentors built in … so I liked that too.”

She continues work on the PERT study – among other things, she will write a paper on the impact of estrogen therapy on the cardiovascular health of participants. At the same time, she is building her own women’s reproductive mental health research program. With her background in clinical psychology and her training on the biology and physiology of women’s reproductive mood disorders, she is in an ideal position to create a program that encompasses both.

Her first Regina-based study is the Fluctuating Estrogen and Menopausal Mood (FEMM) study, funded through an establishment grant from the Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation (SHRF), which she says will be the most detailed look so far at the correlation between hormones and mood in the menopause transition.

Gordon is hoping to broaden her research program to include other areas of women’s reproductive health. As a first step, she is proposing the development of a psychological intervention for women struggling with infertility.

“There haven’t been any studies looking closely at the correlation between hormones and mood in the menopause transition. We think that extreme estrogen fluctuation may play a role in triggering depressive symptoms during the menopause transition, but previous studies have generally measured estrogen too infrequently, making it difficult to figure out what hormonal triggers may be involved in perimenopausal depression.”

The study will measure estrogen and progesterone levels in participants, as well as mood, depressive symptoms and other factors that can impact mood, such as sleep and hot flashes, and baseline factors such as recent stressful life events, history of trauma, history of mental illness and sleep quality. Separate funding from the Banting Research Foundation will allow researchers to look at levels of cortisol, a stress hormone in saliva, to see if it is affected by hormonal fluctuations.

As a clinical psychologist, Gordon is also interested in exploring non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention and treatment of women’s mood disorders. She has initiated a study that will look at the use of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to reduce the risk of depression in the menopause transition. This study will be funded through an SHRF Sprout Grant.

“Some of my research suggests that the hormonal environment of the menopause transition increases sensitivity to stress and that’s why women are more likely to develop depressive symptoms,” she says. Reducing stress using MBSR might help those women avoid depression.

This study will be the first time Gordon has undertaken “patient-oriented” research, a style of research that involves patients, families, health professionals, researchers and policy-makers working together to plan research, carry out research projects and help interpret and make use of the findings. She is enthusiastic about it and hopes to become a leader in the field.

“Across Canada there’s a big push towards patient-oriented research,” Gordon says. “The idea is you are doing research that is addressing patient-identified priorities, things that matter to the people who are affected by whatever you are studying. And they would be involved every step of the way.”

Gordon has named two “patient-investigators” who were involved in the study design and will sit in on the first MBSR sessions to make sure they are tailored appropriately to the target population. They will also be involved in tasks such as the approval of questionnaires, analysis of results and dissemination of information.

Tracy Morgan, a participant in the FEMM study, is one of those patient-investigators. Morgan is excited to be involved in the MBSR study. She says her role fits with the skills she has developed as a medical lab technician and trainer at Canadian Blood Services, as well as her interests in subjects such as yoga and meditation. She feels the study may even help her deal with her own symptoms of perimenopause.

Tracy Morgan Tracy Morgan, a patient-investigators Gordon’s mindfulness-based stress reduction study. (Photo by Trevor Hopkin)

“I will be participating in this study and helping others,” Morgan says, noting participants may feel more comfortable dealing with someone like her who is experiencing the same life change. “But it may also help me find a routine, maybe meditation and yoga, and I can keep using that long after the study is over. It will help me build my own routines, rather than trying to figure out all this on my own. I will have some input from some very knowledgeable people.”

Gordon is hoping to broaden her research program to include other areas of women’s reproductive health. As a first step, she is proposing the development of a psychological intervention for women struggling with infertility. She says patient-investigators will be especially valuable in designing this project because “better understanding their experience of infertility will allow us to create a more effective treatment program.”

“The rates of depression and anxiety are very high in women struggling with infertility, even if it’s their partner with the diagnosis. Approximately 30 to 40 per cent of women experience significant depression or anxiety as they are undergoing fertility treatments, and so far, psychological treatments are not terribly effective at improving that.”

Group interventions have proven better than individual interventions, she says, but even group interventions have not been that effective in improving psychological health in this population. She proposes working with infertile women to learn more about their experience and the significant psychological challenges they have. The next step would be to develop and pilot a psychological intervention that maps on to those specific problems.

Gordon says the idea for this project grew out of discussion in the third-year Women’s Reproductive Mood Disorders class she teaches. She created and loves teaching this course because the syllabus covers all her interests – including premenstrual dysphoric disorder, infertility, depression in pregnancy, postpartum depression and perimenopausal depression. She says that a class discussion about infertility distress highlighted the idea that coping with infertility is even more difficult for women in Regina because they have to travel to get help.

Gordon’s long-term goal is to establish a women’s mental health research unit at the University of Regina to facilitate patient-oriented research in women’s reproductive mental health. Most other provinces have clinics specializing in women’s mental health, including reproductive mood disorders, but Saskatchewan does not and she hopes to help close this gap. The research she envisions would directly inform clinical practice and promote training for medical professionals in the assessment and treatment of women’s reproductive health disorders.

“This mission is directly in line with the Saskatchewan Ministry of Health’s mandate to improve the province’s treatment of mental health,” Gordon says.

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